Wednesday, September 2, 2020

Street Lawyer essays

Road Lawyer expositions The most widely recognized story we know about legal advisors today is one of quick rising, high-charging, no-feeling kind of legal counselors. A great many people disregard the legal advisors that accomplish free work. (That is work for nothing for the cause of the individuals who can't manage the cost of it.) Michael Brock began as another attorney who was on the road to success to association in a huge firm with enormous charging propensities. One day his life was changed always in the wake of being held prisoner by and seeing the passing of a vagrant who was removed by his firm. He rolled out the radical improvement to being a free attorney and abandoned one million dollars per year (also a spouse and a costly condo) for thirty thousand dollars every year. John Grisham recounts to the tale of this man in his novel The Street Lawyer. Grisham has been a long-lasting most loved creator for those intrigued by court show. He changed his style totally for The Street Lawyer to concentrate on ethical quality and qualities instead of examples of overcoming adversity of rich, youthful, law understudies. This epic despite everything bids to any individual who appreciates Grisham yet has additionally added to his crowd the delicate on the most fundamental level. He identifies with all Americans who are after progress. Grisham accepts that first and foremost, the vast majority need to help other people. This is the reason he thinks most persevere through the long, hard long stretches of law or clinical school and preparing. The cash is only a reward. When one alumni, cash has assumed control over their considerations and the individual thinks about the customer or patient. This is an intense presumption, however one that Grisham makes regularly. He has encountered this himself as he suffered graduate school. The tale is both ethically indicting and makes one consider others. Grisham is by all accounts saying thank you to all the individuals who care for the less blessed. Much obliged to you to those, similar to Michael Brock, who experience the two universes yet surrender the cash, surrender the force, and live for what they know is correct and just. It recounts the lives of the individuals who work in the channels and disregard the mo... <!

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Importance of Historical Perspectives Essay Example for Free

Significance of Historical Perspectives Essay The composed utilization of work or Management as we currently call it, is as old as time. Anyway it was uniquely in the nineteenth century that administration and the possibility of the board thought rose as a significant component of political, financial and social turn of events. I accept that verifiable viewpoints have been fundamentally critical to the advancement of the board thoroughly considered the hundreds of years. The executives thoughts have been created out of social and social conditions, after some time the social and social conditions have fundamentally changed and grown yet the standard of the board and the executives thought has been delayed in staying aware of these turns of events. From my perusing, I would contend that there have been three principle stages that have in a general sense molded administration thought since old occasions. These stages are; the early imperious administration approach, the adjustment in the board thought following the reconstruction and thirdly, the new work rehearses required to help the modern upheaval. From my exploration, it is clear that major authentic occasions have additionally had a significant task to carry out in the improvement of various administration styles and structures. In old occasions, the executives of individuals was simply absolutist. A significant number of the work power during circumstances such as the present were slaves. This early act of the board found in old Egypt, proceeded through to primitive occasions. It was compelling in supporting a portion of the extraordinary development ventures which old Egypt is renowned for, for example, the structure of the pyramids, the water system of the Nile and the structure of the tombs in the Valley of the Kings. Also in old China, the structure of the Great Wall of China. These extraordinary works furnish us with proof of a sorted out and imperious way to deal with the utilization of work and furthermore venture the executives abilities . This early despotic time of the executives was intensely commanded by social qualities, for example, dread of discipline, dread of god, where individuals had no feeling of individual accomplishment and they could just anticipate a superior eternal life. This type of the executives proceeded through the medieval times and in these non-industrialized conditions there was no â€Å"no need to build up a conventional assemblage of the board thought†(Wren Bedeian, 2011: 37) As long as society was overwhelmed by dread and persecution this type of the board was supported. For whatever length of time that Christianity and the perfect right of lords kept up their hang on society, the board thought couldn't advance and create. Be that as it may, these primitive occasions where religion was powerful and requested all out compliance ere reaching a conclusion. The campaigns were a significant impetus for change during circumstances such as the present and by debilitating the quality of the catholic church they were the start of a social resurrection which prompted the protestant reconstruction. With the reconstruction came the protestant hard working attitude which I would contend has risen above the historical backdrop of the board and ha s on a very basic level changed work works on making the way for totally extraordinary and new administration styles and structures. Preceding this business was seen as an underhanded that debased peoples’ minds and exchange could sabotage the compliance requested by the catholic church. Max Weber in â€Å"the protestant ethic and soul of capitalism† encourages firmly that the soul of private enterprise became out of Protestantism and the protestant hard working attitude. (Wren Bedeian, 2011: 26) It is certain that the change in mentalities in the public eye because of the renewal carried with it the requirement for new administration structures which would bolster imagination and intensity. These progressions didn't occur rapidly, however they were urgent in the crucial move to the association of work being overseen by numerous individuals and various kinds of individuals as opposed to the imperious few. These new chiefs started to consider individual addition and needed to think about the most ideal approaches to accomplish these increases. The move to individual increase was joined by the fortifying of national economies in Europe and further abroad as new nations and settlements were being found and built up. The scene was being set for the mechanical transformation. Recorded points of view were changing and alongside them, new standards in the board thought were rising. Adam Smith was one of the evangelists of the board thought during the beginning periods of the modern insurgency. One of Smith’s new contemplations on the executives was that the market economy would be se automatic, in other words that the market would be governed by the â€Å"invisible hand†(Wren Bedeian, 2011: 34). His other commitment were his contemplations on the division of work coming full circle in the generous efficiency that the utilization of innovation brought to supplant human labor. Smith’s standards are principal to present day the board thought. The mechanical insurgency carried with it the move from agrarian life to urban living. Creation turned out to be huge scope and the expanding number of manufacturing plants coming into creation requested more supervisors who might need to be able to do effectively arranging and dealing with all parts of these new work places. There is no uncertainty that chronicled viewpoints have been mportant in achieving extraordinary improvements in the board thought as prove by the development of the three staged secured thus. Anyway I would finish up, that in spite of the upsides of having authentic points of view, society and the administration of society doesn't generally gain from these viewpoints. I think this is all around summed up in Wi ll Durant’s quote in â€Å"the story of progress part 1† where he expresses that â€Å" a country is brought into the world emotionless and bites the dust epicurean†(Durant, 1935: 259). There is no more clear case of this than in Ireland today. We have gone through hundreds of years battling against the imperious administration of Irish society both by the catholic church and by British principle. The misfortune of these occasions was in the end supplanted by the improvement of new administration structures carrying with them imagination and competiveness. In any case, similarly as with many creating social orders and civilisations, with this advancement came opulence and advantage which thus sabotaged the honesty of these administration structures. Like the Epicureans, poor idea was given to how this would affect tomorrow. So as in Greece and Rome, the absence of long haul reasonable administration and the absence of gaining from the verifiable points of view on the executives thought have implied that we have not gotten away from the Epicurean final knockout that has been rendered to Ireland.

Friday, August 21, 2020

A Beautiful Mind

A Beautiful Mind Review If you at any point pondered and needed to encounter how an individual with schizophrenia thinks and acts, A Beautiful Mind is the ideal model. The film recounts to the biography of John Nash. You get a perspective of a genuine individual who battles with schizophrenia in their regular daily existence. In this film the phototype of schizophrenia is portrayed as an individual who carries on with their life thinking and accepting that theres a genuine living individual or individuals they converse with, yet truly its Just daydreams and mental trips they are encountering. They are the main ones who can see or hear them. Basically, it is in their minds. Pipedreams may incorporate things an individual sees, hears, scents, or feels, that nobody else can. Dreams are regularly deceptions, for example, being followed or viewed. The film begins in Nashs early years at Princeton, where he isn't yet mindful of he has schizophrenia. After Princeton, Nash wedded Alicia. When Alicia gets pregnant with their youngster, Alicia sees that John is working late and at odd occasions and is getting extremely jumpy. Alicia gets worried about him however John just closes her out. This is when John Nashs world flipped around. He accepted he was furtively working for the administration, translating Russian codes. He comes to understand that the codes in the papers, the administration spies, and the vehicle pursues were all fancies. Later in the film Nash additionally discovers that his old flat mate was Just a visualization also. Princeton had no record of his companion Charles. Subsequent to finding that he had schizophrenia, Nash battled with showing signs of improvement. There were times where he would take his drug loyally and times where he wouldnt. Alicia gave her adoration and commitment to her significant other by remaining with him and helping him through this battle when both of their real factors flipped around. On account of the assistance of his significant other and his companions Nash had the option to come back to his work. In 1994 John Nash was granted the Nobel Prize for his work on game hypothesis. I imagine that A Beautiful Mind was a stunning film demonstrating his account of how he adapted to his schizophrenia. A Beautiful Mind By logelaJ

Friday, June 5, 2020

Program Risk Analysis Essay - 1925 Words

Program Risk Analysis (Essay Sample) Content: Title: Program risk analysisLearnerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s nameInstitutional affiliationThe promotion of goods is a marketing strategy, through which companies create loyalty in their customers. The selling of goods at promotional prices encourages customers to purchase from the enterprise in the future. Toro introduced a promotion in the sale of their snow blowers in the early eighties. The promotion involved a refund to the customers, for their purchase, in the case of modest snowfall in the subsequent winter after purchase. This paper presents an analysis that seeks to explore the possible implications of the promotion, from three different views. The analysis of promotion risks bases on the views of the customer, company as well as the insurers.Risk analysis from Toroà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s point of viewWhile the general view of the program shows some likelihood of risk, the risk level of the program, from Toroà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s point of view is low. From the case study, looking at their pay out for the year of 1983, the company pays 680 thousand dollars ($680K), leaving sums amounting to $106K as profit. The risk level of the project could easily be misinterpreted if the happenings over the period are not put into consideration. During the period of the promotion, the insurance company made an error in the quotation of 2.1% of the snow blowers retail price covered. During the same month, the level of snowfall significantly increased in comparison to the previous year. As a result of the premium cap, the insurers accepted liability. The case further reveals that the company did not have to pay the normal 10% discount to the dealers, as it did in the fall. As a result, the company benefited by registering a 8% profit increase, as well as keeping their retailers and customers happy.Insurance companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s point of viewFrom the assessment, the highest risk befell the insurance company. In compliance with their agreement with the enterprise (client), they covered 2.1% of the snow blowersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ retail value (Bell, 2004). As recorded in the case study, the cumulative number of rebates over the period of promotion was 19%. The coverage of the costs was shared between Toro and the American Home Assurance company, with the latter covering 17% of the rebate costs. Despite the challenge that the company faced with the promotion program over the period, there were still chances of continuing with it, after a few adjustments. One of the necessary adjustments would be increasing the premium to about 8% of the total sales. The increase would be equivalent to the average payouts the company had made over the four last four years. The consequence of the increase would be; an increase in rates by the insurer, to recover the loss. Nevertheless, the continued implementation of the promotion exposes Toro to significant risks, whose costs must be partly covered by the company. The presence of the risk lies in the nature of snowfall that can hardly be predict ed nor controlled.Customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s point of view of the risk analysisThe consumer is the only party with no risk involved in the promotion program. The desire of any customer is to have security for expenditures made. The occurrence of snow can hardly be predicted, and hence the purchase of snow blowers would at some point look like a gamble. Due to the uncertainty in the occurrence of the snow, some customers would opt not to purchase, until it the snow occurred. The purpose of the promotion program was to give the customers an assurance of their expenditures, in that; if the snow failed to occur, they get a refund. For this reason, it was a win-win for the customers, since regardless of what happened, they would either use their product or get a refund. The running of the promotion highly benefits the customers, and motivate them to buy the snow blowers, without worrying about the chances of the snow occurrence in the subsequent winter. For this reason, the stoppage of the pro motion would likely demotivate the customers, who would begin to worry about the associated risks of buying the product, in the case the snow did not occur. In this regard, the likelihood would be a decline in the average sales registered by the company, since many of the customers would prefer waiting for the occurrence of the snow, before making purchases.What caused an increase in insurance rates?The rise in the insurance rates was triggered by the payout costs incurred in 1982. Due to the unpredictability of the occurrence of snow, the insurance company required analysis of the past data, in the determination of the appropriate payout rates. Based on the business activities that occurred between 1982/83, the insurance company determined that there was need to increase the rates, hence distributing the risks across the stakeholders. Since the insurer had previously registered an increase in the payout by 19%, it was logical to determine a new premium rate, which was quoted at 8%. This determination of the rates was based on two years, and therefore, if it was based on the previous three years, the company would use the rate of 4.2%, instead of the quoted 2.1%. Due to the unpredictability attached to the scenario, the determination of the actual risk in the promotion was difficult. If I were the insurer, I would have resolved to use the same formula, in the determination of rate to be applied to the Toro customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ payouts.Examination of the customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s view of the payback structureThe customers enjoyed the payback structure since it was a win-win for them. The payback structure guaranteed the clients of the benefit of their purchases. The provisions of the promotion were that the customer would either get enjoy the services of the machine during the snow period or in the case the snow never occurred, a full or partial refund was offered. The first win aspect of the payback structure was that; any customer purchasing the snow blower machin e needed not to worry about if the snow would occur, and in case it occurred, the machine serves its purpose. The determination of the snow occurrence was based on the weather station, which reported the levels of snow over the covered period. If the reported snow level were less than 20% of the average snow level, the company would give 100% money back. In the event the snow level was less than 50%, Toro would refund 10% of the purchase price, with the best part of the deal being that; the customer kept the machine for future use. Looking at the payout structure, it was a win for the customers, regardless of the level of snow that occurred. If Toro needed to continue the implementation of the promotion, keeping the risk level at a lower side, they needed to consider adjusting the provisions of the premium. The improvement would involve adjusting the full refund snow level from 20% to 10% or below. The percentage required for partial refund should also be adjusted 40% or below, henc e lowering the occurrences of refund.As a customer for the snow throwers, the ability to make a sound decision lies in the capacity to eliminate uncertainty (Peters, 2005). In this case, the uncertainty in the occurrence of the snow, as well as the snow level affects the consumer decision-making process. The consumers tend to focus on the current seasons, at the expense of the subsequent ones. The decision of the consumer not to buy the snow blowers proves costly in the event of the snow occurrence.The conjoint decision trapsThe decision-making traps cannot be overlooked in this analysis. All the parties involved are likely to be faced with common decision traps of varied intensity. The consumers are the party most likely to be faced with the common decision traps. The statistics of the snow occurrence may influence the consumerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s decision to purchase the snow blower machine. For instance, if the previous year experienced hid snow downpour, the pseudo-certainty effect may take the course, leading to the consumerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s decision to buy (Roebuck, 2012). The payout structure does favor the consumer, and hence the decision to purchase the machine may be easier since the customer has nothing to lose.The insurance company applies the focalism (anchoring) theory in its decision on the appropriate premium rates. Assuming that Toro continued with the promotion, the insurer would make a decision on the premium rates, based on the data of the previous period. Toro would also apply the same theory to decide on the appropriate rates, in the efforts to avoid the repeat of losses encountered in the prior period.The decision matrixConsumer * General: the insurer gives weight to the information initially received. * Specific: by overestimating or underestimating the possible snow in the subsequent year, the insurer is subjected to negative or risk-acceptant.

Sunday, May 17, 2020

San Marino - Information and Geography

San Marino is a small country located on the Italian Peninsula. It is completely surrounded by Italy and has an area of just 23 square miles (61 sq km) and a population of 33,779 people as of 2018. Its capital is the City of San Marino but its largest city is Dogana. San Marino is known as being the oldest independent constitutional republic in the world. Fast Facts: San Marino Official Name: Republic of San MarinoCapital: San MarinoPopulation: 33,779 (2018)Official Language: ItalianCurrency: Euro (EUR)Form of Government: Parliamentary republicClimate: Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summersTotal Area: 24 square miles (61 square kilometers)Highest Point: Monte Titano at 2,425 feet (739 meters)Â  Lowest Point: Torrente Ausa at 180 feet (55 meters) History of San Marino It is believed that San Marino was founded in 301 CE by Marinus the Dalmatian, a Christian stonesman, when he fled the island of Arbe and hid on Monte Titano. Marinus fled Arbe to escape the anti-Christian Roman Emperor Diocletian. Shortly after he arrived at Monte Titano he founded a small Christian community that was later became a republic called the Land of San Marino in honor of Marinus. Initially, the government of San Marino consisted of an assembly made up of the heads of each family residing in the area. This assembly was known as the Arengo. This lasted until 1243 when the Captains Regent became joint heads of state. In addition, the original area of San Marino only included that of Monte Titano. In 1463, however, San Marino joined an association that was against Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta, Lord of Rimini. The association later defeated Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta and Pope Pius II Piccolomini gave San Marino the towns of Fiorentino, Montegiardino, and Serravalle. In addition, Faetano also joined the republic in the same year and its area expanded to a total of its current 23 square miles (61 sq km). San Marino has been invaded twice throughout its history—once in 1503 by Cesare Borgia and once in 1739 by Cardinal Alberoni. Borgias occupation of San Marino ended with his death several months after its occupation. Alberonis ended after the Pope restored the republics independence, which it has maintained ever since. Government of San Marino Today, the Republic of San Marino is considered a republic with an executive branch consisting of co-chiefs of state and a head of government. It also has a unicameral Grand and General Council for its legislative branch and a Council of Twelve for its judicial branch. San Marino is divided into nine municipalities for local administration and it joined the United Nations in 1992. Economics and Land Use in San Marino San Marinos economy is mainly focused on tourism and the banking industry, but it relies on imports from Italy for most of its citizens food supplies. The other main industries of San Marino are textiles, electronics, ceramics, cement and wine. In addition, agriculture takes place on a limited level and the main products of that industry are wheat, grapes, corn, olives, cattle, pigs, horses, beef, and hides. Geography and Climate of San Marino San Marino is located in southern Europe on the Italian Peninsula. Its area consists of a landlocked enclave that is entirely surrounded by Italy. San Marinos topography mainly consists of rugged mountains and its highest elevation is Monte Titano at 2,477 feet (755 m). The lowest point in San Marino is Torrente Ausa at 180 feet (55 m). The climate of San Marino is Mediterranean and as such it has mild or cool winters and warm to hot summers. Most of San Marinos precipitation also falls during its winter months. Sources Central Intelligence Agency. CIA - The World Factbook - San Marino.Infoplease.com. San Marino: History, Geography, Government, and Culture- Infoplease.com.United States Department of State. San Marino.

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Iron Jawed Angels By Katja Von Garnier - 1651 Words

Iron Jawed Angels, by Katja von Garnier, is a non-fictional drama about a group of women who do everything they can and will do in order to the women’s right to vote during the years between 1912 and 1920, as it was started by Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and many others in 1890. Alice Paul and Lucy Burns, two of the younger women suffragists, join the NAWSA (the National American Woman Suffrage Association) to try to push for the constitutional amendment for women’s suffrage. Carrie Catt and Anna Shaw allow Alice Paul and Lucy Burns to take over the Washington D.C. NAWSA committee, but Alice and Lucy would have to raise their own funds for the committee. When Alice and Lucy first get to Washington D.C., Alice and Lucy go around recruiting a team of volunteers, including Mabel Vernon, Ruza Wenclawska, and Doris Stevens. Alice, Lucy, Mabel, Ruza, and Doris went to an art gallery to solicit for donations and in the process, Alice convinces Inez Mulholland, a labor lawyer, to be the figure for the parade and the committee. President Woodrow Wilson on one side of Washington D.C. feels a little bit ignored, because on the other side of Washington D.C. the women suffrage parade ends up turning into a riot, with the women suffragists being attacked. Alice and Lucy go over Carrie’s, the president of NAWSA, head to pursue their advantage of publicity by getting a delegation to go see and talk to President Wilson. President Wilson, tells them that they have to wait aShow MoreRelatedIron Jawed Angels: Film Analysis1302 Words   |  5 PagesIron Jawed Angels is the moving 2004 film that highlights how Alice Paul and Lucy Burns fought for womens suffrage. In the film, director Katja von Garnier, follows these women and the efforts they put forth as members of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) and later the work they did as founders of the National Womans Party (NWP). The film showcases the trials that Alice Paul and Lucy Burns had to overcome, not just from opposition found within NAWSA, but also among societyRead MoreEssay on Impossible is Nothing: One Woman, One Vote911 Words   |  4 Pagesinformation about wars and the passing of importance legislation, however there remains prominent gaps in our understanding of women suffrage for equality--a war that had been going on for half a century. Jennifer Friedess story Iron Jawed Angels produced by Katja von Garnier, underscores the struggle and grief that women suffragists endured, along with providing the viewer with an in-depth understanding of the events, consequences and heroic actions of the activists of the 1920s womens suffragistRead MoreIron Jawed Angels2588 Words   |  11 PagesTitle: Summary, Reaction, and Analysis Paper #1: Iron-Jawed Angels Iron Jawed Angels is a story of two women fighting for women’s rights. They led the struggle for the passage of the 19th amendment to the constitution which gave women the right to vote. These two women along with others petitioned, campaigned, and picketed to publicize the issue. After being arrested for â€Å"traffic violations† a group of women spent time in Occoquan Workhouse. Here they went on a hunger strike to protestRead MoreWomens Suffrage: Creation of the 19th Amendment Essay3991 Words   |  16 Pages2. Butler, Amy E. Two Paths To Equality : Alice Paul And Ethel M. Smith In The ERA Debate, 1921-1929. State University of New York Press, 2002. eBook Collection. Web. December 16, 2012 Movie Perf. = performers/actors names 3. Iron Jawed Angels. Katja Von Garnier. Perf. Hilary Swank, Anjelica Huston, Frances O’Connor. HBO, 2004, DVD Websites 4. â€Å"Women’s Suffrage in the United States.† Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Dec. 15, 2012. Wikipedia Foundation, Inc. from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Womens_suffrage_in_the_United_States

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Objectives in Corporate Finance free essay sample

If you don’t know where you are going, it does not matter how you get there† Aswath Damodaran Stern School of Business Aswath Damodaran 2 First Principles Invest in projects that yield a return greater than the minimum acceptable hurdle rate. †¢ The hurdle rate should be higher for riskier projects and reflect the financing mix used owners’ funds (equity) or borrowed money (debt) †¢ Returns on projects should be measured based on cash flows generated and the timing of these cash flows; they should also consider both positive and negative side effects of these projects. Choose a financing mix that minimizes the hurdle rate and matches the assets being financed. If there are not enough investments that earn the hurdle rate, return the cash to the owners of the firm (if public, these would be stockholders). †¢ The form of returns dividends and stock buybacks will depend upon the stockholders’ characteristics. Objective: Maximize the Value of the Firm Aswath Damodaran 3 The Classical Viewpoint Van Horne: In this book, we assume that the objective of the firm is to maximize its value to its stockholders Brealey Myers: Success is usually judged by value: Shareholders are made better off by any decision which increases the value of their stake in the firm The secret of success in financial management is to increase value. We will write a custom essay sample on Objectives in Corporate Finance or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The most important theme is that the objective of the firm is to maximize the wealth of its stockholders. Brigham and Gapenski: Throughout this book we operate on the assumption that the managements primary goal is stockholder wealth maximization which translates into maximizing the price of the common stock. Aswath Damodaran 4 The Objective in Decision Making In traditional corporate finance, the objective in decision making is to maximize the value of the firm. A narrower objective is to maximize stockholder wealth. When the stock is traded and markets are viewed to be efficient, the objective is to maximize the stock price. All other goals of the firm are intermediate ones leading to firm value maximization, or operate as constraints on firm value maximization. Aswath Damodaran 5 The Criticism of Firm Value Maximization Maximizing stock price is not incompatible with meeting employee needs/objectives. In particular: †¢ Employees are often stockholders in many firms †¢ Firms that maximize stock price generally are firms that have treated employees well. Maximizing stock price does not mean that customers are not critical to success. In most businesses, keeping customers happy is the route to stock price maximization. Maximizing stock price does not imply that a company has to be a social outlaw. Aswath Damodaran 6 Why traditional corporate financial theory focuses on maximizing stockholder wealth. Stock price is easily observable and constantly updated (unlike other measures of performance, which may not be as easily observable, and certainly not updated as frequently). If investors are rational (are they? ), stock prices reflect the wisdom of decisions, short term and long term, instantaneously.